![]() In 1879, he published a paper titled Report on Standard Time. Dowd's system was never accepted by North American railroads.Ĭhief meteorologist at the United States Weather Bureau Cleveland Abbbe divided the United States into four standard time zones for consistency among the weather stations. In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones having north–south borders, the first centered on Washington, D.C., but by 1872 the first was centered on meridian 75° west of Greenwich, with natural borders such as sections of the Appalachian Mountains. Dowd proposed a system of hourly standard time zones for North American railroads, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a different time. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Timekeeping on North American railroads in the 19th century was complex. 1913 time zone map of the United States, showing boundaries very different from today ![]() This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time. It was based on longitude 172☃0′ east of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. On November 2, 1868, the then British Colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony. Some British clocks from this period have two minute hands, one for the local time and one for GMT. By 1855, 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT, but it was not made the island's legal time until August 2, 1880. This practice was soon followed by other railway companies in Great Britain and became known as Railway Time.Īround August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Observatory. In November 1840, the British Great Western Railway started using GMT kept by portable chronometers. In the 19th century, as transportation and telecommunications improved, it became increasingly inconvenient for each location to observe its own solar time. Main article: Railway time Plaque commemorating the Railway General Time Convention of 1883 in North America The control panel of the Time Zone Clock in front of Coventry Transport Museum DST is usually used for about half of the year, typically by adding one hour to local time during spring and summer. ![]() The UTC offsets range from UTC−12:00 to UTC+14:00, and are usually a whole number of hours, but a few zones are offset by an additional 30 or 45 minutes (such as in India, South Australia and Nepal).Īreas of extreme latitude are more likely to use DST. Some time zones switch between offsets throughout the year due to daylight saving time (DST). Time zones are defined as one or two offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and (if two offsets are used) the days when the offset changes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following longitude, because it is convenient for areas in frequent communication to keep the same time. For other uses, see Time zone (disambiguation).Ī time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial and social purposes. For more time zone lists, see Lists of time zones. For a list of time zones by country, see List of time zones by country. This article is about time zones in general.
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![]() GWAS on the other hand yield a heritability estimate of 22%, and their suggestive findings mentioned in the manual are yet lacking convincing replication. The authors of DSM also leave unmentioned that the 74% heritability estimate stems from twin-studies, which as a method cannot reliably disentangle genetic from environmental factors for psychiatric presentations. Apart from what is already stated in DSM, there is no hard evidence available in the literature which proves that ADHD is a brain disorder-something that denotes a deficit in people's brains. Specifically, DSM-5-TR authors state that “no biological marker is diagnostic for ADHD” and that “meta-analysis of all neuroimaging studies do not show differences between individuals with ADHD and control subjects”, thus “no form of neuroimaging can be used for diagnosis of ADHD”. However, as the authors of DSM-5-TR themselves explicitly admit, the discoveries that could confirm ADHD as a neurodevelopmental disorder have not yet materialized. The authors state that heritability is approximately 74% and that genome-wide association studies (GWAS) “have identified a number of loci enriched in evolutionarily constrained genomic regions and loss-of-function genes as well as around brain-expressed regulatory regions.” (p. This assertion is strengthened in section “Risk and Prognostic Factors”, which is more detailed than in DSM-5. The authors of the manual assert that issues relevant to the placement of ADHD have been resolved by the available data “with the preponderance of evidence supporting placement in the “Neurodevelopmental Disorders” chapter”. According to the DSM-5-TR neurodevelopmental disorders “are characterized by developmental deficits or differences in brain processes that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning” (p. Placement within “neurodevelopmental disorders”Īs in its predecessor, ADHD is placed within the manual's chapter “Neurodevelopmental Disorders”. We point out how DSM-5-TR keeps the faith in the neo-Kraepelinian paradigm by explicitly and implicitly cultivating the essentialist medical scientific metaphor of disorder. The third scrutinizes the changes in the diagnostic criteria for ADHD and assesses whether these changes make the diagnosis more accurate. The second examines the definition of ADHD provided in the updated edition of the manual. The first discusses the acknowledgment of ADHD as a neurodevelopmental disorder. We structure our critique around three points. In this opinion paper, we critically review the changes made to the DSM-5 Text Revision published in 2022 regarding the diagnostic entity of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Debates surrounding the critical reception of DSM-5 primarily relate to the pseudo-scientific nature of the manual and its normalizing power ( 5). By the time of publishing DSM-5 in 2013, the continuous medicalization of natural human responses led by APA became increasingly critiqued within psychiatry, mental health sector, practitioners, and academia in general. This paradigm shift was not based on promising scientific discoveries but on pragmatic consensus. ![]() DSM-5-TR keeps the faith in the neo-Kraepelinian paradigm by explicitly and implicitly cultivating the essentialist medical scientific metaphor of disorder, creating the illusion that it represents scientific progress that validates ADHD as a neurodevelopmental disorder.įrom the publication of the third edition in 1980 and on, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has embraced psychiatry as a branch of medicine by committing to a “neo-Kraepelinian” cause-effect biomedical framework with the assumption that biological discoveries will eventually establish the somatic etiology of separate and independent mental diseases ( 1). We conclude that DSM's latest edition does not escape the logical and scientific pitfalls of its predecessor. In this article, we critically review the changes made to the DSM-5 Text Revision published in 2022 regarding the diagnostic entity of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). 2Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.1Department of Primary Education, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.Athanasios Koutsoklenis 1 † Juho Honkasilta 2 * † ![]() Coursework may qualify for credit towards the State Board of Accountancy requirements. For instance, typically 150 credit hours or education are required to meet state regulatory agency education requirements for CPA licensure. Persons interested in practicing a regulated profession must contact the appropriate state regulatory agency for their field of interest. In site-based programs, students will be required to take a substantial amount of coursework online to complete their program.ĢCredits and degrees earned from this institution do not automatically qualify the holder to participate in professional licensing exams to practice certain professions. No matter which accounting system is being used, both GAAP and IFRS play a crucial role in financial reporting standards worldwide.ġProgram, course, and extended classroom availability vary by location. For instance, the IFRS guidelines are generally less specific or detailed than GAAP’s, but the consistency of the principles behind IFRS may give a more accurate picture of economic transactions within the business world. This typically becomes more obvious when looking at each framework. GAAP is used primarily within the U.S., while the IFRS is used in the European Union and some countries in Asia and South America.īeyond that difference, GAAP accounting is more rules-based while IFRS is more principle-based. One of the first and most notable differences is where each system is used. In general, these two systems set out to accomplish similar goals, but they do have a few differences. It primarily exists to make sure that no information is omitted from the report.įinally, the principle of utmost good faith requires that an accountant will always tell the truth and operate in good faith in the execution of their duties.īoth GAAP and the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) are widely accepted systems of accounting principles that enable internal and external bodies to quickly understand the work that the accountant has performed. The principle of materiality states that all financial data should be laid out in a report that is GAAP compliant. This provides businesses with an accurate financial status from that timeframe so they can use the information to make decisions about the future. This principle ensures that accountants only report revenue within standard intervals, such as quarterly or yearly. The principle of continuity states that the accountant preparing a report should assume that the business will continue to operate as it has been operating for the foreseeable future. ![]() Accounting does not operate in the realm of conjecture or speculation and should only include concrete data in its reports. This principle asserts that accountants should only report facts. It also requires that corporations utilize full disclosure when presenting their financial statements. ![]() It particularly prohibits hiding debts behind assets and costs behind revenue. ![]() The principle of non-compensation promises that an accountant will not use offsetting accounts to cover up or hide any facts. The principle of permanence of methods ensures that the work can be double-checked with relative ease and efficiency. This principle requires accountants to treat accounting like a science, so that one person’s work should be replicable by another party using the same method. It requires that all the data in the report is, to the best of the accountant's knowledge, accurate and impartial. This principle ensures that the accountant preparing the report is not trying to trick or mislead anyone by misrepresenting the data. For instance, if a company selects one method of depreciating its assets, it must then consistently use that method, instead of changing methods from one accounting period to the next. The principle of consistency requires that whatever system you choose is to be used universally across all of your accounting work. This principle is critical as it prevents accountants from simply doing whatever feels convenient in the moment and leaving other parties to figure out the logic behind their reports. The principle of regularity requires that accountants use an established system for their reporting. Each of the following 10 key principles of GAAP plays a vital role in the accurate reporting of a company's financial data, and the accounting occupation as a whole. It’s important to learn and understand the GAAP principles and how they influence the accounting profession. ![]() If players want to get crit damage, enemies need to be out of cover. ![]() Flushing enemies from cover will allow players to apply additional crit damage as any enemy in cover (even light) will give a 0% crit chance to apply high damage. Finally being able to apply critical damage % to enemies is key to winning engagements. It’s important to remove enemies from cover to then have the team DPS finish things off. Cover can be removed by melee attacks, thrown weapons (shurikens/throwing knives), or SMG flush abilities. The second aspect is to have the ability to knock enemies out of cover. Mages and Deckers have an aim spell and mark target ability and should be used as much as possible. Firstly, players can acquire cybersurgery to get a minor boost and drugs can also temporarily help. Fortunately, there are several ways of achieving this. As a turn-based shooter, something to boost aim is extremely important as it can determine life or death scenarios. There are 3 main aspects a player needs to consider to make combat for 3 games smooth. ![]() If players don’t mind these aspects, they will likely enjoy the experience as it will be like playing a single-player cyberpunk DND campaign. Moreover, should players die, they will need to repeat dialogue bits before the engagement in which they lost. The reading is not voiced which may put off some gamers and although the game emphasizes exploration, it is mostly linear, with little interaction with the map. Players will enjoy the Shadowrun series if they enjoy reading in their video games and get to choose from a smorgasbord of various options. Like most trilogies, the game should also be played in order, specifically so that players don’t become frustrated by the quality of life improvements. Based on the science fantasy tabletop RPG franchise from the late 1980s, the game emphasizes reading, choosing dialogue options, exploration, and turn-based combat. The Shadowrun trilogy consists of 3 games: Shadowrun Returns, Shadowrun: Dragonfall, and Shadowrun: Hong Kong. ![]() This sound is created by German Lopez aka Genycis for. The same applies as mentioned above with WAV samples. For this reason, please be aware of this possible issue before purchase, as all sound sales are final and non refundable. ![]() ![]() It is difficult to say as some people have had no trouble and others have. Also, EXSP24 in Logic for Mac may translate some soundfonts correctly while not properly translating others. The SFZ+ Soundfont Player seems to translate fine from the original soundfont sound so it would be recommended to use that player if you are in need of a VST Soundfont Player. PLEASE NOTE: Where most plugins and programs may translate the sounds properly, programs such as the SafFron Soundfont Player for example, seems to render some soundfonts a bit differently. Please note, you should check with your hardware's manual, as is NOT responsible if you purchase an instrument to which you cannot load due to not consulting the manual first. The WAV instrument version may also be compatible with most hardware equipment that allows the loading of WAV sample files as well, such as MPC drum machines, and workstations such as Motif, Trition, or Fantom. However, with WAV samples, you must map out within your software as to how you need the instrument to play. This instrument, when purchased in WAV format, comes with a few different WAV samples to represent different notes of the instrument. The WAV instrument version is compatible with most music production software programs such as FL Studio (Fruity Loops), Reason, Cubase, Sonar, and other programs that are able to load up WAV samples of 16bit 44.1khz format. You can view more detail on the page on this site, How to Load Soundfonts. Other programs such as Cubase and Sonar that can utilize VST plugins (including FL Studio) can utilize VST soundfont players to load up soundfonts, of which SFZ+ is best recommended (for Windows PC). Within Orion Pro, you can load up soundfonts via the Sampler tool. This soundfont can be loaded up with ease in the full version of the Fruity Soundfont Player which can be purchased at For Reason users, you can simply load up the soundfont within the NN-XT tool from the folder or location you saved it. The soundfont instrument version is compatible with most music production software programs such as FL Studio (Fruity Loops), Reason, Cubase, Sonar, Orion Pro, and others. Add to your Fruity Loops sound library today with this custom made bagpipe soundfont. Sounds can be made to sound much greater depending on the effects and combinations used. Demos were created in FL Studio and only FL Studio plugins were used on the demo with effects. The Pipes bagpipe soundfont is a sustained Loop soundfont compiled of bagpipe samples. The file size is 2.8 MB, and is compatible with most music production and beat maker programs such as FL Studio, Reason NN-XT Plugin, Cubase, Orion Pro, or any other program that utilizes or allows use of Soundfonts. This soundfont was created with various bagpipe samples and tweaked with chorus and reverb effects to bring a wider feel in sound. The Pipes bagpipe soundfont brings a powerful bagpipe sample sound to life in a small size. The Pipes - Scottish Bagpipes Instrument Soundfont SF2 Or WAV Samples For FL Studio, Reason, Cubase, MPC, and More LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII v1. LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII v1.0 +1 TRAINER ![]() LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII v1.0 +7 TRAINER #1įile Archive - External Link - Can return a false AV Positive! File = Clean! LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII v1.0 +4 TRAINER LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII v1.0 +12 TRAINER LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII v1.0 +7 TRAINER #2įile Archive - Can return a false AV Positive! File = Clean! ALL available trainers are for Single Player/Offline use ONLY! Don't try to use them online else your account can/will be banned/closed!.If you have problems using a trainer in combination with Windows Vista, 7, 8 or 10 then make sure to run the trainer with Administrator rights and when needed in Windows XP or Windows 98 compatibility mode!.In ALL cases this is a FALSE ALARM as NONE of the Game Trainers GCW contain known malicious code! More info in the PC Games FAQ! Some Game Trainers are sometimes reported to be a Virus or Trojan, the most common is a keylogger called HotKeysHook or the file has been packed/protected with VMProtect or Themida and is recognized as Win32/Packed.VMProtect or Win32/Packed.Themida.In most cases using a No-CD or Fixed EXE will solve this problem! Return to Lon Lon Ranch and up northward along the left side. Some original games do not work when a certain application has been installed, like DAEMON Tools.When using Fixed Files make sure to use a Firewall which controls outgoing traffic, as some games call back to report the use of these modified files!.When this happens use the original EXE to play online, else you could find yourself banned from the game! Some No-CD/Fixed EXE files work fine in Single Player mode but are detected to be modified when trying to play online. ![]() Always make a backup of the files that are overwritten by the File Archive, as the original files are usually required to update the game to a newer version or to play Online!.LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII GameStop.LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII Amazon.LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII v1.0 +1 TRAINER.LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII v1.0 +7 TRAINER #1.LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII v1.0 +4 TRAINER.While the payout is big, if you wish to finish The Last One you will have to start the game on New Game +, by finishing the main story. LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII v1.0 +12 TRAINER Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII The Last One Standing is the only side-quest featured in the video game that can’t be completed in the first playthrough.LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII v1.0 +7 TRAINER #2.LIGHTNING RETURNS: FINAL FANTASY XIII v1.0 Fixed Files.Game or Patch Questions? Visit FileForums ![]() To do this use the "download as png" and "download as pdf" buttons for each progression or sequence of a drill you want to save. Use the undo and redo buttons to undo previous actions without deleting or starting over.Ĭreating series of diagrams to show a progression or sequence can help keep the drawing cleaner and easier to read. ![]() Change the color of the highlighted color using the paintbrush tool.Draw the shape in the area of the rink you want to highlight.Select the oval or rectangle overlay tool from the toolbar (see image below).The overlay tool allows you to highlight a specific area on the ice rink. Every time you click the object it will rotate 30 degrees clockwise. To rotate an object you can select the rotate tool and then click the object. The object will increase or decrease in size depending on the tool you selected.Select the "+" or "-" button from the toolbar.Sometimes you will want to adjust the size of the objects such as nets, cones, etc. Click the object or line to update the color to the selected color.Īdjust the Size of Nets and other Objects.Click the painbrush tool so the color options appear.It is easy to change the color of any object or line using our free drill drawing tool. If you need to start over click the refresh button on your browser.Before you start over or navigate away from the page be sure to DOWNLOAD YOUR DIAGRAM.Use the line tools to represent players skating, passing, and handling pucks.Place your objects and players onto the ice surface.Choose a rink/station layout from the icons at the top.Basic Helpful Hints When Using The Free Drill Drawing Tool |
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